SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE Clause is used when you want to retrieve specific information from a table excluding other irrelevant data. For example, when you want to see the information about students in class 10th only then you do need the information about the students in other class. Retrieving information about all the students would increase the processing time for the query.


So SQL offers a feature called WHERE clause, which we can use to restrict the data that is retrieved. The condition you provide in the WHERE clause filters the rows retrieved from the table and gives you only those rows which you expected to see. WHERE clause can be used along with SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE statements.


Syntax of SQL WHERE Clause:


WHERE {column or expression} comparison-operator value


Syntax for a WHERE clause with Select statement is:


SELECT column_list FROM table-name

WHERE condition;


column or expression - Is the column of a table or a expression

comparison-operator - operators like = < > etc.

value - Any user value or a column name for comparison





For Example: To find the name of a student with id 100, the query would be like:


SELECT first_name, last_name FROM student_details

WHERE id = 100;


Comparison Operators and Logical Operators are used in WHERE Clause. These operators are discussed in the next chapter.


NOTE: Aliases defined for the columns in the SELECT statement cannot be used in the WHERE clause to set conditions. Only aliases created for tables can be used to reference the columns in the table.


How to use expressions in the WHERE Clause?


Expressions can also be used in the WHERE clause of the SELECT statement.


For example: Lets consider the employee table. If you want to display employee name, current salary, and a 20% increase in the salary for only those products where the percentage increase in salary is greater than 30000, the SELECT statement can be written as shown below


SELECT name, salary, salary*1.2 AS new_salary FROM employee

WHERE salary*1.2 > 30000;


Output:


name salary new_salary

----------- ---------- ----------------

Hrithik 35000 37000

Harsha 35000 37000

Priya 30000 360000

NOTE: Aliases defined in the SELECT Statement can be used in WHERE Clause.